Contemporary Mitral Valve Surgery for Septuagenarians and Octogenarians

INTRODUCTION

The world’s first successful heart valve surgery was performed in 1923 on a 12 year-old girl with rheumatic mitral stenosis, and twenty years later, John Gibbon performed the first successful open heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass, often considered the most important advancement in heart valve surgery [1, 2]. Further refinements of surgical techniques, recommended for treating severe symptomatic valvular heart disease, have since been developed to meet demands of the increasing prevalence of degenerative and functional valve disease for the aging population [3-5]. Mitral valve disease is common at over 10% in those over 75 years of age [6, 7]. Age however is an established risk factor for cardiac surgery, and part of all conventional mortality risk models to help select favourable surgical candidates [8-10]. Due to the perceived high risk, many of these elderly patients remain untreated compared to their younger cohort [6, 7]. The decision for intervention has also recently become more complex due to the introduction of percutaneous mitral valve techniques such as the mitraclip [11]. Reviewing the outcomes of mitral valve surgery (MVS) in high risk groups such as the elderly is therefore of great importance to guide clinical practice. The aim of this study is to review and compare the characteristics and outcomes of octogenarians and septuagenarians undergoing MVS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All patients over the age of 70 years undergoing isolated MVS at Auckland City Hospital during the period 2005-2012 were included, and grouped into 70-79 and >80 years of age for analysis. Study participants were identified retrospectively from the hospital's cardiothoracic surgical unit database. Baseline characteristics, operative variables and post-operative outcomes were retrieved from the hospital's electronic clinical records, with ethics approval attained before the study commencement from the Auckland District Health Board Research Office.

For the variables included in the study, angina class was defined according to the Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading and dyspnea class by the New York Heart Association. Other baseline characteristics followed the definitions of EuroSCORE II parameters [9]. EuroSCORE [8], EuroSCORE II [9] and Society of Thoracic Surgeon’s (STS) Scores [10] were calculated for all patients.

Mortality data was obtained from the “Births, Deaths and Marriages registers” of New Zealand up till December 2015. Operative mortality was defined as in-hospital deaths or deaths within 30 days of surgery. The five post-operative complications (stroke, renal failure, ventilation >24hrs, mediastinitis and return to theatre) and their composite were defined as per the STS database [10]. Survival rates at one, three and five-years were recorded.

Median (lower-upper quartile) and percentages (frequency) are used to present continuous and categorical variables respectively. Univariate analysis was performed using Mann- Whitney U Test and Fisher’s Exact Test for continuous and categorical variables respectively. Longitudinal survival was analysed by Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. Area under the receiver operative characteristics curves (c-statistics) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were used to assess the discriminative ability of risk scores. Variables with P<0.20 in univariate analysis were selected for multivariate analysis to identify independent predictors of various surgical outcomes. Logistic regression and Cox Proportional Hazards Regression were used for cross-sectional and longitudinal outcomes respectively. All tests were two-tailed and P<0.05 considered statistically significant. SPSS(Version 17.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and Prism (Version 5, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) were used for statistical analyses.

RESULTS

A total of 101 patients who received isolated MVS at Auckland City Hospital from 2005-2012 were included in the study. Out of the 101 patients, 20 patients were part of the octogenarian group at time of surgery, and the remaining 81 in the septuagenarian group. Baseline characteristics are listed in Table 1. There were no significant differences in pre-operative characteristics between the two groups apart from age (median age 82 years for octogenarians and 74 years for septuagenarians, P<0.001) and previous stroke (15% in octogenarians and 1.2% septuagenarians, P=0.024). Significantly higher median scores were found in the octogenarians compared to the septuagenarians for two of three risk models: EuroSCORE(11.4% and 7.0% respectively, P=0.01) and STS score (5.6% and 2.8% respectively, P=0.02).

The operative variables and in-hospital outcomes for each group are demonstrated in Table 2. There were no differences observed for operative variables measured, with approximately half of patients having mitral repair and replacement for both groups. There were also no differences in operative mortality and all complications (stroke, renal failure, ventilation >24 hours, mediastinitis and return to theatre) and their composite between the two groups. Notably none of the patients died in-hospital or within 30-days in the octogenarian group, and 6 (7.4%) died in septuagenarian group although P-value was not statistically significant at 0.596.

Fig. (1) illustrates the survival during a mean follow-up of 5.1+/-2.6 years for both groups. One, three and five-year survivals were 100.0%, 80.0% and 70.0% for octogenarians and 91.4%, 86.4% and 73.8% septuagenarians. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.986).

Table 3 shows predictors of post-operative mortality and complications in multivariate analysis for the study cohort. Cardiopulmonary bypass time and age were independent predictors of operative and long-term mortality respectively; history of congestive heart failure was a predictor of composite morbidity and history of previous cardiac surgery was a predictor of return to theatre.

Results of the discriminant analysis for risk scores at predicting outcomes are presented in Table 4. None of the risk scores were able to predict mortality and most morbidities. However, EuroSCORE could predict renal failure (AUC 0.742, 95% CI 0.576-0.906) and mediastinitis (EuroSCORE AUC 0.717, 95% CI 0.598-0.837); EuroSCORE II predicted stroke (AUC 0.722, 95%CI 0.632-0.812) and mediastinitis (AUC 0.818, 95%CI 0.742-0.894); and STS Score predicted composite morbidity (AUC 0.649, 95% CI 0.530-0.769), stroke (AUC 0.742, 95%CI 0.641-0.843) and mediastinitis (AUC 0.687, 95% CI 0.512-0.86).

DISCUSSION

Mitral valve disease is the commonest form of valvular heart disease, and along with our aging population, has led to a growing demand for mitral valve intervention with many patients remaining untreated [6, 7]. This unmet clinical need is in part due to subgroups deemed at high surgical risk, and warranting the evaluation of surgery in such patients. Our study reported favourable outcomes for isolated mitral valve surgery in carefully selected elderly patients, and these findings alongside other studies in the era of percutaneous valvular interventions have many clinical implications.

Post-operative outcomes between the two age groups were not significantly different statistically, though numerically higher operative mortality in septuagenarians compared to 0% in octogenarians. Baseline characteristics were well matched except higher prevalence of previous stroke in octogenarians. Therefore the main contributor to the higher EuroSCORE and STS Score in octogenarians was predominantly the age difference. This was a similar finding to our previous study of aortic valve replacement in elderly patients [12], and perhaps reflect a more cautious and conservative approach in selecting octogenarians for cardiac surgery compared to younger counterparts [13]. However, this also reflects that when elderly patients are carefully assessed pre-operatively, excellent outcomes can be obtained. Furthermore, the risk of morbidities, many of which potentially have quality of life implications, should be considered and evaluated.

Another important strategy to improve outcome beyond pre-operative evaluation is the surgical technique employed. Mitral valve repair is superior to replacement in primary mitral valve disease, and this is true in studies of elderly patients also, in terms of short and long-term mortality and stroke, with comparable re-operation rates [14-17]. Mitral valve repair is therefore recommended whenever possible, and feasibility may be improved by operating earlier before extensive valvular destruction and/or advanced symptoms and instability develops, as well as surgeons’ expertise [4, 5, 18, 19]. Although we did not find mitral valve repair or replacement be independently associated with adverse outcomes, this analysis may have been limited by the power of our study.

Importantly, we found all three conventional surgical risk models were unable to discriminate operative mortality in our cohort. This is in contrast to their good performance in general isolated mitral valve surgery patients, with area under the curve of 0.67-0.89 in other studies [20-22]. This can largely be explained by high risk patients, and in some ways mitral valve surgery (compared to coronary and aortic valve operations) only constituting a small proportion of the derivation cohort for surgical risk scores [8-10]. Prediction of complications was also poor employing these scores. There is therefore the need to assess other potentially important baseline characteristics such as functional status, cognition and the ability to respond to physiological stress ie frailty; ongoing development of newer risk models incorporating these factors to specifically address the elderly and high risk subgroups; and involvement of both the Heart Team and sound clinical judgment in decision-making for intervention.

Percutaneous mitral valve intervention techniques such as Mitraclip have been recently developed, and when compared to mitral valve surgery in high risk patients have similar operative mortality rates and improvement in symptoms, lower adverse events but increased prevalence of significant residual mitral regurgitation and need for redo procedure at up to 1 year [11]. Between 1 and 4 years, survival, mitral valve dysfunction and re-intervention rates are similar [23]. Combining these results and our findings, the main benefits of Mitraclip in high risk patients are lower complication rates (except residual mitral regurgitation), and shorter hospital stay and recovery time, which has both cost and quality of life implications particularly in elderly patients. More studies are required to identify important factors which assist selection of treatment modality, the prognostic utility of existing and newly developed risk models for Mitraclip in elderly patients, as well as long-term durability such percutaneous techniques.

There are several limitations to our study. The study size was limited as a single-centre study especially for the octogenarian subgroup, but reflects the real-world experience that very few of these patients undergo mitral valve surgery. It is a retrospective observational study with inherent biases, and we were unable to obtain the numbers, characteristics, outcomes and reasons for all the patients over 70 years of age with isolated mitral valve surgery being declined. The only long-term outcome we could collect was mortality, but other outcomes such as symptoms and quality of life are also important determinants of treatment efficacy. Follow-up was limited to a mean of about 5 years, given that this was a contemporary cohort.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, MVS remains a safe procedure with acceptable mortality and morbidities rates in selected elderlies. In our cohort octogenarians were older with higher risk scores, but didn’t have excess adverse outcomes compared to septuagenarians. Further studies are required both determine what other variables beyond age and risk scores influence outcomes, and to guide selection of treatment modality for several mitral valve disease in high risk patients.

REFERENCES